Neuroimaging of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems. A Clinician’s Guide

Foreword by Frank E. Musiek
Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Contributors

Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview
Matthew L. Bush, Margaret N. Chapman, Jennifer B. Shinn, and Daniel M. Zeitler
Introduction
Overview
Summary

Chapter 2. Principles of Radiology: Modalities, Methods, and Indications
V. Carlota Andreu-Arasa, Margaret N. Chapman, and Osamu Sakai
Introduction
Computed Tomography
Computed Tomography Angiography and Computed Tomography Venography
Computed Tomography Cisternography
Dual-Energy Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Cisternography
Nuclear Medicine
Paraganglioma Detection
Digital Substraction Angiography
Summary
References

Chapter 3. Structure and Function of the Auditory System
Stephanie J. Youssef, Matthew A. Shew, and Cameron C. Wick
Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory System
Cochlear Nerve
Central Auditory Pathway
Overview of Imaging Techniques for the Auditory System
References

Chapter 4. Structure and Function of the Vestibular System
Nicholas S. Andresen, Desi P. Schoo, Lakir D. Patel, Molly A. Wingfield, and Yuri A. Agrawal
Anatomy and Physiology of the Vestibular System
Central Vestibular System
Peripheral Vestibular System
Overview of Imaging Techniques for the Vestibular System
Imaging Characteristics by Region
Peripheral Vestibular System
Other Considerations
Conclusion
References

Chapter 5. External Ear
Nathaniel Breslin, Michael Achilleos, Johanna Whitson, and Jacob B. Hunter
Introduction
Otitis Externa
Neoplasms
Osteomas and Exostoses
Osteoradionecrosis
Cholesteatoma and Keratosis Obturans
Stenosis and Atresia
Conclusion
References
Appendix 5–1

Chapter 6. Middle Ear and Mastoid
Michael H. Freeman, Joseph M. Aulino, and Elizabeth L. Perkins
Introduction
Vascular Anomalies
Jugular Bulb Anomalies
Aberrant Carotid Artery
Persistent Stapedial Artery
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction and Otitis Media
Otitis Media
Chronic Otitis Media With Effusion
Tympanosclerosis
Otosclerosis
Cholesteatoma
Primary Tumors of the Middle Ear
Other Primary Middle Ear Tumors
Trauma: Fracture Patterns, Ossicular Discontinuity, Facial Nerve Injuries
Ossicular Chain Disruption
Facial Nerve Injury as a Complication of Temporal Bone Fracture
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak and Encephalocele
Summary
References

Chapter 7. Inner Ear
Janice J. Chung, Amy F. Juliano, and Elliott D. Kozin
Anatomical Overview
Congenital Cochleovestibular Malformations
Cochlear Fibrosis and Ossification
Labyrinthitis Ossificans
Cochlear Implantation: Intraoperative and Postoperative Evaluation
Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
Ménière Disease
Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence
Summary
References

Chapter 8. Lateral Skull Base
Mana Espahbodi, Kaden Neuberger, Richard H. Wiggens, III, and Richard K. Gurgel
The Skull
Asymmetric Pneumatization of the Petrous Apex and Asymmetric Bone Marrow
Petrous Apicitis
Petrous Apex Cholesterol Granuloma
Petrous Apex Epidermoid (Cholesteatoma)
Petrous Apex Cephaloceles
Petrous Apex Effusion
Petrous Apex Mucocele
Petrous Apex Carotid Artery Aneurysm
Osteodystrophies
Osteitis Deformans (Paget Disease)
Osteopetrosis
Neoplasms
Osteosarcoma
Chordoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Plasmacytoma/Multiple Myeloma
Metastatic Malignancy to the Lateral Skull Base
Facial Nerve Pathologies
Tympanic Facial Nerve Dehiscence
Bell’s Palsy and Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Facial Nerve Schwannoma
Facial Nerve Venous Malformation (Hemangioma)
Malignant Facial Nerve Invasion
Summary
References

Chapter 9. Cerebellopontine Angle
James R. Dornhoffer, Paul J. Farnsworth, John C. Benson, John I. Lane, and Matthew L. Carlson
Overview
Congenital Disorders
Vascular Loop Syndrome
Tumors
Meningioma
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Lipoma
Epidermoid Cyst
Dermoid Cyst
Arachnoid Cyst
Metastatic Disease
Complications and Surgical Emergencies
Hematoma
Summary
References
Appendix 9–1

Chapter 10. Central Auditory System
Nathan D. Cass, Amanda G. Davis, and Flavius D. Raslau
Introduction
Neoplasm
Neurodegenerative Disorders
Cerebrovascular Disorders
Traumatic Injuries
Infectious Diseases
Congenital Disorders
Summary
References

Index

A modern introduction to the field, Neuroimaging of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems: A Clinician’s Guide is a comprehensive resource for audiologists, neurologists, radiologists, otolaryngologists, and neurotologists. This text equips clinicians with the knowledge of imaging modalities used to evaluate conditions affecting the auditory and vestibular systems, promoting efficient and effective patient care.

Clinicians will be provided with information about the anatomy and physiology of the auditory and vestibular systems, as well as the fundamental concepts, indications, and utility of neuroimaging of this region to distinguish pathology from normal anatomy. This text also systematically describes common pathologic conditions found in the ear and lateral skull base beginning with the external ear and ending with the central nervous system. Each condition is described in terms of an overview, medical evaluation, audiological evaluation, imaging modalities and findings, and treatment considerations. Through the study of each of these anatomy-themed chapters of the auditory and vestibular system, clinicians can gain competence and confidence in differentiating pathologic conditions that may present in similar locations with similar symptoms yet have different imaging finding. The integration of transdisciplinary perspectives into the text makes this a special addition to the market. 

Written by a team of distinguished professionals, every chapter includes relevant and up-to-date material on the use of neuroimaging modalities to optimize auditory and vestibular health care, and is widely applicable to diverse clinicians in the field. The emphasis on the importance of incorporating and interpreting neuroimaging in clinical practice can enhance collaborative communication and patient care.

• Anatomy-based description of common pathologic conditions 
• Comprehensive depiction of pathology through detailed complementary MRI and CT images 
• Presentation of audiological findings that correlate with clinical scenarios
• Foreword written by Frank E. Musiek, PhD, CCC-A (Ret.)
• Transdisciplinary and multi-institutional contributions from experts in audiology, otolaryngology, neurotology, and radiology

From the Foreword
"Graduate students in audiology, the neurosciences, as well as residents in otolaryngology, neurology and neurosurgery and those professionals practicing in these areas will find this text informative, relevant, and useable. I can see this book becoming the “go to” resource and guide for those professionals in the clinical setting serving patients with disorders of the auditory and vestibular systems." 
—Frank E. Musiek, PhD, CCC-A (Ret.)

Matthew L. Bush, MD, PhD, MBA, is Professor and Chair of the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky. He holds the University of Kentucky College of Medi- cine Endowed Chair in Rural Health Policy. He earned his medical degree from Marshall University School of Medicine in Huntington, West Virginia and completed otolaryngology residency at the University of Kentucky. He completed a postdoctoral research fellowship and his otology, neurotology and cranial base surgery fellowship at The Ohio State University. He earned a doctorate in clinical and translational science in 2017 and a master of business administration degree in 2020, both from the University of Kentucky. He has given numerous national presentations to hearing specialists on neuroimaging, and has published widely in the fields of otolaryngology and neurotology. His research is primarily focused on health and health care equity.

Jennifer B. Shinn, PhD, is Chief of Audiology, Professor, and the Richard C. Haydon III, MD, Endowed Chair in Otolaryngology at the University of Kentucky Medical Center in the Department of Otolaryngology. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Audiology and the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Dr. Shinn received her doctorate from the University of Connecticut. She has broad experience in a variety of areas of audiology with particular emphasis on neuroaudiology as well as hearing health care disparities. She is frequently invited to lecture on various topics related to the evaluation and management of neuroauditory disorders across the country. She has published numerous peer-reviewed articles as well as book chapters in this area. Her presentation record in these areas includes state, national, and international meetings.

Margaret N. Chapman, MD, is Clinical Associate Professor of Radiology at New York University–Langone Health, Long Island Division. She earned her medical degree from Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts. She completed her diagnostic radiology residency at Boston University Medical Center and neuroradiology fellowship at the University of Washington Medical Center in Seattle, Washington. Her area of interest within neuroradiology is head and neck imaging.

Daniel M. Zeitler, MD, is a board-certified otologist/neurotologist at Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, where he serves as co-director of the Listen for Life Cochlear Implant Center and director of research and academics for the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Zeitler graduated magna cum laude from Northwestern University and earned his medical degree with honors from New York University. He completed his residency in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at New York University and his otology, neurotology, and cranial base surgery fellowship at the University of Miami Ear Institute. Zeitler is Assistant Professor at the University of Washington and Fellow of the Triological Society, American Otological Society, and American Neurotology Society. He has spoken to national and international audiences and is widely published in the field of neurotology. His primary clinical research interests include single-sided deaf- ness, improving equity and access for cochlear implantation, and qualitative outcomes following cochlear implantation.